【12】richard tewsbury and westley g.jennings,“assessing the impact of sex offender registration and community notification on sex-offending trajectories,” criminal just and behavior 37: 570 (2010).

【13】jill levenson and richard tewksbury,“collateral damage: family members of registered sex offenders,” am.j.crim.just 54: 54 (2009).

【14】joseph r.guield,“moral passage: the symbolic process in public designations of devi-ance,” social problems 15: 175 (1967).

【15】同上，第174页。

【16】erhard blankenburg，“ūber die unwirksamkeit von gesetzen，” in archiv für rechts-und sozial-philosophie 1977：31，43.

【17】在“德克萨斯州诉约翰逊”[texas v.johnson，491 u.s.397（1989）]中，最高法院基于言论自由推翻了一项对焚烧国旗行为的定罪，本来这一亵渎行为是对有象征性的国旗的有意攻击。

【18】吉姆·克劳是美国剧作家托马斯·达特茅斯·赖斯（thomas dartmouth r）于1828年创作的剧目《跳吧，吉姆·克劳》中的一个黑人角色的名字，后来逐渐变成了贬抑黑人的称号和黑人遭受种族隔离的代名词。

【19】michael w.mccann, rights at work: pay equity reform and the politics of legal mobilization (1994).

【20】jens newig,“symbolische gesetzgebung zwischen machtausübung und gesellschaftlicher selbsttäuschung,” in michelle cottier, josef estermann, and michael wrase, eds., wie wirkt recht? (2010), pp.301, 310-312.

【21】传说中戈尔迪乌斯国王打了一个十分难解的结，称谁能解开此结便能成为亚洲的统治者，结果亚历山大大帝一剑把结斩断，后来人们便以“戈尔迪之结”比喻缠绕不已、难以解决的问题。

【22】thomas m.keck,“beyond backlash: assessing the impact of judicial decisions on lgbt rights,” law ＆ society review 43: 151, 152 (2009).

【23】michael j.klarman,“brown, racial change, and the civil rights movement,” virginia law review 80: 7, 85 (1994).

【24】michael j.klarman, from the closet to the altar: courts, backlash, and the struggle for same-sex marriage (2013).

【25】michael j.klarman,“brown, racial change, and the civil rights movement,”p.85.

【26】keck,“beyond backlash,” p.163.

【27】u.s.v.windsor, 133 s.ct.2675 (2013).

【28】obergefell v.hodges, 135 s.ct.2584 (2015).

【29】539 u.s.558 (2003).

【30】332 u.s.325 (1963).

【31】klarman, from the closet to the altar, p.172.

【32】john j.donohue iii and steven d.levitt,“the impact of legalized abortion on crime,” quar-terly journal of economics 116: 379, 381 (2001).

【33】jessica wolpaw reyes,“lead exposure and behavior: effects on antisocial and risky behav-ior among children and adolescents,” economic inquiry 53: 1580, 1582, 1601-1602 (2015).

【34】mark j.mills, greer sullivan, and spencer eth,“protecting third parties: a decade after taraso ,” am.j.psychiatry 144: 1 (1987).

【35】就行政机构对法规作出回应并解释法规的方式而言，两大法系之间的差别就更小了。

【36】例如, christine parker and vibeke lehmann nielsen, explaining compliance: business respon-ses to regulation (2011)。

【37】john l.mcmullan and david c.perrier,“lobster poaching and the ironies of law enforce-ment,” law ＆ society review 36: 679 (2002).

【38】paul d.cromwell, james n.olson, and d’aunn wester avary, breaking and entering: an ethnographic analysis of burglary (1991), pp.14-16.

【39】同上，第14页。

【40】gideon v.wainwright, 372 u.s.335 (1963); miranda v.arizona, 384 u.s.436 (1966).

【41】william j.stuntz, the collapse of american just (2011).

【42】hung-en liu,“custody decisions in social and cultural contexts: in-depth and focus group interviews with nineteen judges in taiwan,” columbia j.asian law 17: 250 (2004).

【43】donald t.campbell and h.laurence ross,“the connecticut crackdown on speeding: times series data in quasi-experimental analysis,” law ＆ society review 3: 33 (1968).

【44】julie horney and cassia spohn,“rape law reform and instrumental change in six urban ju-risdictions,” law ＆ society review 25: 117 (1991).关于1990年代德国法律改革的失败, 参见c.lembke,“changing the rules of the : the role of law and the effects of party reform on gen-der parity in germany,” in jyette clausen and charles s.maier, eds., has liberalism failed women? assuring equal representation in europe and the united states (2001)。

【45】helling v.carey, 83 wash.2d 514, 519 p.2d 981 (1974).

【46】jerry wiley,“the impact of judicial decisions on professional conduct: an empirical study,”so.cal.l.rev.55: 345 (1981).

【47】参见lawrence w.sherman,“pol crackdowns,” crime ＆ just 12: 35 (1990)。“转移”没有发生在全市的酒驾打击运动中。

【48】john j.donohue, daniel e.ho, and patrick leahy,“do pol reduce crime? a reexamina-tion of a natural experiment,” in yun-chien chang, ed., empirical legal analysis: assessing the per-formance of legal institutions (2014).

【49】参见lawrence m.friedman, crime and punishment in american history (1993), pp.328-332; peter c.hennigan,“property war: prostitution, red-light districts, and the tranormation of public nuisance law in the progressive era,” yale j.law and humanities 16: 1 (2004); thomas c.mackey, red lights out: a legal history of prostitution, disorderly houses, and v districts, 1870-1917 (1987)。

【50】minzee kim et al.,“when do laws matter? national minimum-age-of-marriage laws, child rights, and adolescent fertility, 1989-2007,” law ＆ society review 47: 589 (2013).

【51】同上，第611页。

【52】这整个主题在franklin e.zimring，the city that became safe：new york’s lessons for urban crime and its control（2012）这本书中得到了很好的处理。

【53】gerald n.rosenberg，the hollow hope：can courts bring about social change？，2d ed.（2008）.

【54】michele maroto and david pettinicchio,“the limitations of disability anti-discrimination leg-islation: policy and the economic well-being of people with disabilities,” law and policy 36: 370 (2014).

【55】准确数字是25 369。值得指出的是，大多数这些投诉最后被证实是毫无根据的。另一方面，eeoc确实跟进了大量这类案件，今年（2016年）的金钱赔偿达到了接近1亿美元。这些数字来自www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/statistics。

【56】david m.engel and frank w.munger, rights of inclusion: law and identity in the life stories of americans with disabilities (2003).

【57】同上，第241页。

【58】katherine gelber and luke mcnamara,“the effects of civil hate speech laws: lessons from australia,” law ＆ society review 49: 631, 658 (2015).

【59】bettina shell-duncan et al.,“legislating change? responses to criminalizing female genital cutting in senegal,” law ＆ society review 47: 803 (2013).

【60】elisabeth noelle-neumann,“rechtsbewusstsein im wiedervereinigten deutschland,” z.für rechtssoziologie 16: 121, 137-138 (1995).

【61】同上，第139页。

【62】小数定律是指人的行为不总是理性的，大多数人在判断不确定事件发生的概率时，往往会滥用“典型事件”，忘记“基本概率”。